Introduction to Registered Nurse Salary
Registered nursing is a rewarding and in-demand profession that offers not only the opportunity to make a difference in the lives of others but also a competitive salary. In this blog post, we will explore various aspects of a registered nurse’s salary. From the factors that influence their earnings to the educational requirements for higher pay, we will delve into the world of registered nurse salary. Additionally, we’ll discuss specializations that can lead to higher wages, compare salaries by state, and examine how experience and additional certifications impact earning potential. Furthermore, we will analyze which industries offer high-paying registered nurse jobs, discuss salary trends, and provide tips for negotiating a higher salary. Lastly, we will highlight the benefits and perks that come with being a registered nurse and touch upon the future job outlook for this profession. So whether you’re considering a career in nursing or are already a registered nurse looking to further your earning potential, this comprehensive guide will provide valuable insights into the world of registered nurse salaries.
Contents
- 1 Introduction To Registered Nurse Salary
- 2 Factors That Influence Registered Nurse Salary
- 3 Educational Requirements For Higher Registered Nurse Salary
- 4 Specializations With Higher Registered Nurse Salary
- 5 Registered Nurse Salary Comparison By State
- 6 Experience And Registered Nurse Salary
- 7 Additional Certifications Impact On Registered Nurse Salary
- 8 Industries With High-Paying Registered Nurse Jobs
- 9 Registered Nurse Salary Trends
- 10 Negotiating A Higher Registered Nurse Salary
- 11 Benefits And Perks For Registered Nurses
- 12 Future Job Outlook For Registered Nurses
- 13 Frequently Asked Questions
Introduction To Registered Nurse Salary
When considering a career as a registered nurse (RN), one of the important factors to take into account is the salary. Understanding the salary potential of a registered nurse can help guide career choices and provide financial stability. The registered nurse salary can vary based on multiple factors, including experience, education, specialization, and location. In this blog post, we will provide an overview of registered nurse salaries, discussing the various factors that influence them and providing insights into the salary trends in the industry.
Factors That Influence Registered Nurse Salary
When it comes to registered nurse salaries, several factors come into play. Experience in the field is a significant influencer, as nurses with more years of work under their belt often earn higher salaries. Moreover, educational qualifications also impact registered nurse salaries. Nurses who hold advanced degrees or certifications tend to earn higher wages. Specializations within the nursing field can also contribute to increased salary potential. Nurses who specialize in areas such as pediatrics, critical care, or anesthesia tend to earn more compared to those in general practice.
Educational Requirements For Higher Registered Nurse Salary
To attain a higher registered nurse salary, educational qualifications play a crucial role. While an associate degree in nursing (ADN) is the minimum requirement to become an RN, obtaining a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) can lead to better job opportunities and higher salaries. Furthermore, pursuing advanced degrees like a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) or Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) can open doors to specialized roles and leadership positions, often accompanied by increased pay scales. Continuing education and obtaining additional certifications can also contribute to earning an enhanced registered nurse salary.
Factors That Influence Registered Nurse Salary
Many factors can affect the salary of a registered nurse (RN). These factors include education level, experience, specialization, location, and additional certifications. A registered nurse with a bachelor’s degree tends to earn a higher salary than one with just an associate’s degree.
Experience also plays a crucial role in determining an RN’s salary. Nurses with several years of experience generally earn a higher salary compared to those who are just starting their careers. Specialization is another factor that can impact a registered nurse’s salary. Certain areas, such as nurse anesthetists or nurse practitioners, often receive higher salaries due to the advanced skills required in these roles.
Location is also an essential factor in determining a registered nurse’s salary. Nurses working in metropolitan areas or states with a higher cost of living typically earn higher salaries compared to those in rural or low-cost areas. For example, a registered nurse working in California may earn a higher salary than one working in Mississippi.
Factor | Impact on Registered Nurse Salary |
---|---|
Education Level | A higher education level, such as a bachelor’s degree, is associated with a higher salary. |
Experience | Nurses with more experience tend to earn higher salaries as their skills and expertise increase. |
Specialization | Specializing in certain areas, such as nurse anesthetists or nurse practitioners, can lead to higher salaries due to the advanced skills required. |
Location | The cost of living and demand for nurses in a specific location can impact salary levels. |
Additional Certifications | Obtaining additional certifications beyond the basic RN licensure can lead to higher salaries and expanded job opportunities. |
In conclusion, several factors can influence the salary of a registered nurse. Education level, experience, specialization, location, and additional certifications all play a role in determining salary levels. Nurses should carefully consider these factors when making career decisions and negotiating their salaries to ensure they are compensated appropriately for their skills and expertise.
Educational Requirements For Higher Registered Nurse Salary
Registered Nurse Salary is a topic that is of great importance for individuals considering a career in nursing. Many factors contribute to the overall income potential of registered nurses, including their level of education. In order to maximize their earning potential, aspiring nurses should be aware of the educational requirements for a higher registered nurse salary.
First and foremost, it is important to note that registered nurses must obtain a minimum of a Bachelor’s degree in Nursing (BSN) in order to become licensed and practice as a registered nurse. This degree typically takes four years to complete and provides students with a comprehensive education in nursing theory, research, and clinical practice.
However, obtaining a BSN is not the only educational pathway that can lead to a higher registered nurse salary. Many registered nurses choose to pursue additional specializations in a specific area of nursing, such as pediatrics, critical care, or oncology. These specializations often require additional education and certification, but they can significantly increase an individual’s earning potential.
In addition to specialized education, registered nurses who hold advanced degrees, such as a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) or a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), may also qualify for higher salaries. These advanced degrees allow nurses to pursue leadership roles, become nurse practitioners, or specialize in advanced practice areas, such as anesthesia or psychiatric nursing.
Specializations With Higher Registered Nurse Salary
When it comes to pursuing a career as a registered nurse, one of the factors that many individuals consider is the potential salary. Registered nurses are an essential part of the healthcare industry, providing critical care and support to patients. While the overall registered nurse salary can vary based on several factors, one important aspect to consider is the specialization chosen within this field. Certain specializations within the nursing profession tend to offer higher salaries than others, making them appealing options for aspiring nurses.
One specialization that often comes with a higher registered nurse salary is nurse anesthetist. Nurse anesthetists are advanced practice registered nurses who specialize in administering anesthesia to patients. Due to the level of specialization and expertise required, this field generally offers a higher salary compared to other nursing roles. In addition to a higher salary, nurse anesthetists also enjoy a high level of job satisfaction and demand, making it a popular choice for individuals looking for a financially rewarding career in nursing.
Another specialization with a higher registered nurse salary is nurse practitioner. Nurse practitioners are advanced practice registered nurses who provide primary and specialty healthcare to patients of all ages. They have the authority to diagnose and treat illnesses, prescribe medications, and provide ongoing care. Due to the high level of responsibility and advanced skills required, nurse practitioners often receive a higher salary compared to other nursing roles. In addition, nurse practitioners often have the opportunity to work independently and have a significant impact on patient care, making it a rewarding career choice.
Specialization | Salary Range |
---|---|
Nurse Anesthetist | $160,000 – $250,000+ |
Nurse Practitioner | $100,000 – $150,000+ |
Other specializations that tend to offer higher salaries for registered nurses include nurse midwife, nurse manager, and nurse informatics specialist. Nurse midwives specialize in providing care to women throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum period. Nurse managers are responsible for overseeing nursing staff and managing operations within healthcare facilities. Nurse informatics specialists focus on utilizing technology and data analysis to improve healthcare outcomes. These specializations often come with higher salaries due to the level of expertise and responsibility involved.
In conclusion, when considering a career as a registered nurse, specializing in certain areas can lead to a higher salary. Nurse anesthetists, nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, nurse managers, and nurse informatics specialists are just a few examples of specializations that tend to offer higher salaries within the nursing profession. It’s important for individuals to research and consider their personal interests and goals when choosing a specialization to pursue, as it will not only impact their earning potential but also their overall job satisfaction and career growth.
Registered Nurse Salary Comparison By State
When it comes to considering a career as a registered nurse, one important factor that often comes into play is the salary. With the demand for healthcare professionals increasing, it’s natural to wonder how much registered nurses earn in different states. In this blog post, we will dive into the topic of registered nurse salary comparison by state, exploring the variations and factors influencing these differences.
First and foremost, it’s important to note that registered nurse salaries can vary significantly from one state to another. This is due to various factors such as cost of living, demand for healthcare services, and local economic conditions. For example, states with higher costs of living, such as California and New York, often offer higher salaries for registered nurses to compensate for the higher expenses.
When comparing registered nurse salaries by state, it is crucial to consider the average annual income. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of May 2020, the average annual salary for registered nurses across the United States was $80,010. However, this figure can vary greatly depending on the state. For example, the average annual salary for registered nurses in California was $120,560, while in South Dakota it was $59,540.
State | Average Annual Salary |
---|---|
California | $120,560 |
New York | $96,850 |
Texas | $75,330 |
Florida | $66,210 |
Ohio | $66,820 |
It is essential for registered nurses to research and consider these factors when assessing the registered nurse salary by state. By understanding the variations and influences on salaries, nurses can make informed decisions when considering job opportunities in different locations.
Experience And Registered Nurse Salary
When it comes to a registered nurse salary, one of the key factors that can greatly impact earnings is experience. As with many professions, registered nurses tend to earn higher salaries as they gain more experience in the field. This is because experience brings with it a deeper level of knowledge and expertise, which is highly valued in the healthcare industry.
Experienced registered nurses often have a greater understanding of complex medical conditions, are skilled in handling emergencies, and can take on more responsibilities. Employers recognize the value of this experience and are willing to compensate nurses accordingly.
One way experience can influence a registered nurse salary is through the potential for career advancement. As nurses gain more experience, they may have the opportunity to move into specialized roles or leadership positions, such as nurse manager or clinical nurse specialist. These roles often come with higher salaries due to the increased level of responsibility and expertise required.
- Career Advancement: Experienced registered nurses have the potential to move into specialized roles or leadership positions, which often come with higher salaries.
- Increased Marketability: Nurses with more experience are often highly sought after by healthcare organizations, increasing their bargaining power when it comes to negotiating a salary.
- Continuing Education: Experienced nurses may choose to pursue additional certifications or advanced degrees, further increasing their knowledge and expertise and potentially leading to higher salaries.
It’s important to note that experience alone does not guarantee a higher salary. Factors such as geographic location, facility type, and industry can also play a role in determining a registered nurse’s earning potential. However, experience is often highly valued and can significantly impact salary growth throughout a nurse’s career.
Years of Experience | Median Salary | Top 10% Salary |
---|---|---|
0-2 years | $60,000 | $80,000 |
3-5 years | $70,000 | $95,000 |
6-10 years | $80,000 | $110,000 |
11+ years | $90,000 | $120,000 |
As the table above illustrates, registered nurses with more years of experience generally earn higher salaries. However, it’s important to remember that these figures are just averages and can vary depending on factors such as location and employer. It’s always a good idea to research salary ranges specific to your area and desired field to get a more accurate understanding of earning potential.
Additional Certifications Impact On Registered Nurse Salary
When it comes to earning a higher salary as a registered nurse, obtaining additional certifications can have a significant impact. These certifications not only enhance the nurse’s knowledge and skills, but also demonstrate their commitment to professional development and willingness to go above and beyond in their field. In this blog post, we will explore how additional certifications can elevate a registered nurse’s salary and open doors to more advanced and specialized job opportunities.
Obtaining additional certifications allows registered nurses to specialize in specific areas of healthcare. For example, certifications in critical care, geriatrics, or pediatric nursing can lead to higher-paying positions in those specialized fields. These certifications equip nurses with the advanced knowledge and skills necessary to provide specialized care to patients, which in turn makes them more valuable to employers. As a result, nurses with these certifications often command higher salaries compared to their counterparts without any additional credentials.
In addition to specialized certifications, there are also certifications that demonstrate proficiency in specific nursing skills or techniques. For example, certifications in cardiac life support (CLS) or advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) indicate that a nurse is well-versed in handling cardiac emergencies. Other certifications, such as those in wound care or oncology, demonstrate specialized knowledge and skills in those respective areas. Employers recognize the value of these additional certifications and are willing to compensate nurses accordingly.
Furthermore, some healthcare facilities offer higher salaries to registered nurses who have obtained certifications that align with their organizational goals or initiatives. For instance, a hospital that places a strong emphasis on patient safety may prioritize hiring nurses with certifications in patient safety and quality improvement. By holding these certifications, nurses demonstrate their dedication to providing safe and high-quality care, which is highly valued by such organizations. As a result, these nurses may receive a higher salary or other monetary incentives.
Certification | Average Salary Increase |
---|---|
Certified Pediatric Nurse (CPN) | 10% |
Certified Critical Care Registered Nurse (CCRN) | 15% |
Certified Wound Care Nurse (CWCN) | 12% |
As shown in the table above, obtaining certain certifications can lead to a significant increase in salary. These figures serve as an incentive for registered nurses to pursue additional certifications and further their professional growth.
In conclusion, obtaining additional certifications can have a substantial impact on a registered nurse’s salary. Specialized certifications and those demonstrating proficiency in specific nursing skills increase nurses’ marketability and value to employers, thus resulting in higher salaries. Moreover, certifications that align with an organization’s goals or initiatives may offer additional financial benefits. Therefore, for registered nurses looking to enhance their career prospects and earn a higher salary, obtaining additional certifications is a smart investment.
Industries With High-Paying Registered Nurse Jobs
Registered nursing is a profession known for its diverse range of job opportunities, with nurses having the opportunity to work in various industries. While the field of nursing is rewarding, it is also important to consider the financial aspect of the job. In this blog post, we will explore the industries that offer high-paying registered nurse jobs.
The healthcare industry as a whole is known for its competitive salaries, and registered nursing is no exception. Within the healthcare industry, hospitals tend to offer some of the highest salaries for registered nurses. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average annual salary for registered nurses in hospitals is $77,460. This is due to the high demand for nurses in hospital settings, where they play a crucial role in patient care and treatment.
Another industry that offers high-paying registered nurse jobs is the pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing industry. Registered nurses in this industry have the opportunity to work alongside researchers and scientists in the development of new medications and treatments. The average annual salary for registered nurses in the pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing industry is $81,040.
Industry | Average Annual Salary |
---|---|
Hospitals | $77,460 |
Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing | $81,040 |
Furthermore, the government, both at the state and federal level, is also a major employer of registered nurses. Government facilities such as public health agencies, correctional institutions, and military healthcare facilities offer high-paying nursing positions. The average annual salary for registered nurses in government settings is $74,970.
Specialty hospitals, such as psychiatric hospitals and rehabilitation centers, also offer higher salaries for registered nurses. These specialized facilities require nurses with specific skills and expertise, which often comes with higher pay. The average annual salary for registered nurses in specialty hospitals is $75,090.
It is important to note that the salaries mentioned above are just averages, and individual salaries may vary based on factors such as location, experience, and additional certifications. It is also worth considering that while some industries may offer higher salaries, they may also come with different working conditions and demands.
In conclusion, there are several industries that offer high-paying registered nurse jobs. Whether it be hospitals, the pharmaceutical industry, government facilities, or specialty hospitals, registered nurses have a variety of options when it comes to finding well-compensated positions. As the demand for healthcare professionals continues to rise, the salaries for registered nurses are expected to remain competitive.
Registered Nurse Salary Trends
The salary trends for registered nurses have been a topic of interest for both aspiring and current nurses. Understanding the current and future trends in RN salaries can help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about their careers. In this blog post, we will explore the different factors that contribute to the salary trends for registered nurses.
One of the key factors that influence registered nurse salary trends is the demand for nursing professionals. As the healthcare industry continues to grow, the need for qualified nurses also increases. This high demand for nurses can lead to higher salaries, as employers compete for the best talent. Additionally, the aging population and advancements in medical technology create a greater need for skilled nurses, which further drives up salaries.
Another factor that impacts registered nurse salaries is the level of education and experience. Generally, nurses with higher levels of education, such as a bachelor’s or master’s degree, earn higher salaries than those with only an associate degree or diploma. Similarly, nurses with more years of experience in the field often earn higher salaries, as their expertise and skills are valuable to employers.
State | Median Salary |
---|---|
California | $113,240 |
Texas | $72,290 |
New York | $83,450 |
Florida | $66,210 |
Pennsylvania | $70,390 |
The location where a registered nurse practices also plays a significant role in salary trends. Salaries can vary by state due to differences in cost of living, demand, and local economic factors. For example, registered nurses in California tend to earn higher salaries compared to those in Florida. It is important for nurses to consider the regional variations when evaluating salary expectations and potential job opportunities.
In conclusion, understanding the salary trends for registered nurses is essential for nurses looking to advance their careers and negotiate competitive compensation. Factors such as demand, education, experience, specialization, and location all influence registered nurse salaries. By staying informed about these trends, healthcare professionals can make informed decisions about their future and find opportunities for growth and financial stability in their nursing careers.
Negotiating A Higher Registered Nurse Salary
When it comes to negotiating a higher registered nurse salary, there are several factors that can contribute to your success. Not only does your level of experience play a significant role, but also your educational background, certifications, and the industry in which you work. By understanding these key factors and taking strategic steps, you can increase your chances of securing a higher salary as a registered nurse.
One of the most important aspects of negotiating a higher registered nurse salary is showcasing your experience. The more years you have worked in the field, the more valuable you become to potential employers. Highlight your accomplishments, specialized skills, and any additional responsibilities you have taken on during your tenure. By demonstrating your expertise, you can present a strong case for a higher salary.
Additionally, your educational achievements can greatly impact your negotiating power. Pursuing advanced degrees, such as a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) or a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), can open doors to higher-paying positions. These degrees provide you with the necessary knowledge and skills to take on leadership roles in hospitals, clinics, or academia. When negotiating your salary, be sure to emphasize any advanced degrees or specialized certifications you have earned.
- Specializations: Registered nurses who have specialized in certain areas of healthcare often earn higher salaries. Whether you choose to specialize in pediatric nursing, anesthesiology, or critical care, acquiring additional certifications and skills in these specialty areas can increase your earning potential.
- Industry: It’s important to consider the industry in which you work. While registered nurses are in demand across various sectors, certain industries tend to offer higher salaries. For example, nurses working in pharmaceutical research, surgical hospitals, or government agencies often earn higher salaries compared to those working in nursing homes or educational institutions.
- Geographic Location: Location plays a significant role in determining registered nurse salaries. Different states and regions offer varying salary ranges based on factors such as cost of living and local demand. Researching and considering opportunities in areas with higher salary trends can potentially lead to a better compensation package.
During the negotiation process, it’s vital to do thorough research on the average registered nurse salary for your desired position and location. This will give you a benchmark to use as you negotiate for a higher salary. Additionally, be prepared to discuss your accomplishments, skills, and advanced certifications during the negotiation. Highlighting your value as an experienced and highly qualified registered nurse will strengthen your position.
Steps to Negotiating a Higher Registered Nurse Salary: |
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1. Research average salaries for your desired position and location. |
2. Highlight your experience, accomplishments, and specialized skills. |
3. Emphasize any advanced degrees or certifications you have earned. |
4. Be prepared to discuss your value and the impact you can make in the role. |
5. Consider negotiating other benefits and perks in addition to salary. |
In conclusion, negotiating a higher registered nurse salary requires a combination of factors such as experience, education, specializations, industry, and geographic location. By effectively showcasing your expertise and advocating for your worth, you can increase the likelihood of securing a higher salary. Remember to do thorough research, prepare for the negotiation, and emphasize your value as a highly skilled and experienced registered nurse.
Benefits And Perks For Registered Nurses
Registered nurses are an essential part of the healthcare industry, providing care and support to patients in a variety of settings. While the salary is an important consideration for any profession, it is also important to consider the benefits and perks that come with being a registered nurse. These benefits can greatly enhance job satisfaction and make a career in nursing even more rewarding.
One of the major benefits of being a registered nurse is the opportunity for career growth and advancement. With experience and additional education or certifications, registered nurses can move into leadership roles or specialize in a particular area of nursing. This not only allows for personal and professional growth, but it also often comes with an increase in salary.
Another perk of being a registered nurse is the flexibility in work schedules. Many healthcare facilities offer various shifts and options for nurses to choose from, including part-time, full-time, and per diem positions. This flexibility allows nurses to find a schedule that works best for them and their lifestyle, whether they have other commitments or preferences for certain shift times.
Benefits | Perks |
---|---|
Opportunity for career growth and advancement | Flexible work schedules |
Comprehensive healthcare benefits | Opportunities for continuing education and professional development |
Retirement plans and pension options | Generous vacation and paid time off |
Continuing education and professional development opportunities are also common perks for registered nurses. Many healthcare facilities and organizations offer tuition reimbursement or support for nurses to pursue advanced degrees or certifications. This not only allows for personal growth and expanded knowledge in the field, but it can also open doors to higher-paying positions or specialized roles.
Registered nurses often have access to retirement plans and pension options, which can provide long-term financial security. These benefits help nurses plan for their future and ensure that they are able to enjoy a comfortable retirement. Additionally, generous vacation and paid time off policies are often offered to registered nurses, allowing them to take time for themselves, spend time with family, or pursue personal interests outside of work.
In conclusion, being a registered nurse offers not only a competitive salary but also a range of benefits and perks that contribute to job satisfaction and overall well-being. From career growth opportunities to comprehensive healthcare benefits and flexible schedules, these perks make nursing a rewarding and fulfilling profession.
Future Job Outlook For Registered Nurses
As the healthcare industry continues to grow and evolve, the future job outlook for registered nurses (RNs) appears to be very promising. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the employment of registered nurses is projected to grow 9 percent from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations. This increase in demand for registered nurses can be attributed to various factors:
Firstly, the aging population is one of the key drivers of the increased need for registered nurses. As the baby boomer generation reaches retirement age, there is a greater demand for healthcare services. This generation requires more medical care, resulting in a higher demand for registered nurses to provide healthcare services in various settings, such as hospitals, nursing homes, and home healthcare.
Secondly, advancements in medical technology and treatments have resulted in the need for more specialized care, which in turn requires additional registered nurses with specialized skills and knowledge. For example, the rapidly advancing field of telemedicine has created opportunities for registered nurses to provide remote patient care and telehealth services. This trend is expected to continue as technology continues to advance.
Lastly, the ongoing nursing shortage also contributes to the positive job outlook for registered nurses. Despite the increasing demand for nurses, there is a shortage of qualified nurses entering the workforce. This shortage can be attributed to factors such as the aging nursing population, educational capacity constraints, and the high rate of retirement among nurses. As a result, registered nurses can expect to have a wide range of job opportunities and increased earning potential.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the importance of Registered Nurse Salary?
The salary of a Registered Nurse plays a crucial role in attracting and retaining talented individuals in the nursing profession. A competitive salary helps reward their dedication and skills, ensuring that they continue to provide quality care to patients.
What are some factors that influence Registered Nurse Salary?
Several factors can influence a Registered Nurse’s salary, including their level of education, experience, certifications, geographic location, and the type of healthcare setting they work in.
What are the educational requirements for a higher Registered Nurse Salary?
To increase their earning potential, Registered Nurses can pursue advanced degrees such as a Master’s in Nursing or a Doctor of Nursing Practice. These higher levels of education can open doors to leadership roles and specialized nursing positions with higher salaries.
Which specializations offer higher salaries for Registered Nurses?
Certain specializations, such as nurse anesthetists, nurse practitioners, and nurse midwives, typically offer higher salaries due to their advanced skills and responsibilities. These positions often require additional education and certifications.
How does Registered Nurse Salary vary by state?
Registered Nurse salaries can vary significantly depending on the state. Factors like cost of living, demand for nurses, and local healthcare policies can impact salary ranges. For example, states like California and Hawaii often have higher average salaries for Registered Nurses compared to states in the Midwest.
How does experience affect Registered Nurse Salary?
Generally, Registered Nurses with more experience tend to earn higher salaries. As nurses gain more skills and expertise throughout their career, they become more valuable assets to healthcare organizations, which often leads to increased compensation.
Do additional certifications impact Registered Nurse Salary?
Yes, additional certifications can have a positive impact on a Registered Nurse’s salary. Specialized certifications, such as Critical Care Registered Nurse (CCRN) or Certified Pediatric Nurse (CPN), demonstrate expertise in a specific area of nursing and can lead to higher earning potential.